This article, "The Military Model 70," appeared originally in the April 2011 issue of American Rifleman. USMC Sniper Rifles: Hands On History. My Navy Long Range Rifle (that I used at the Interservice Championship Long Range Match to win the 720 pictured above) started life as a Model 721 .300 H&H. It was built up by Crane in .300 Win Mag. These rifles pop up every now and then, not often but they do show up. The Complete History of Winchester Repeating Arms. Their official role was for use in marksmanship training, but that's not where they would all end up. Beautiful build. Carlos Hathcock, used the rifle with remarkable effectiveness. It is undesirable to inject another rifle into the supply system, and if another rifle is injected into the supply system, it is necessary to inject non-standard ammunition for this rifle into the supply system in order to exploit fully any gain in accuracy. THANK YOU FOR SUPPORTING VETERAN JOURNALISM - JOIN SOFREP+ Carlos Hathcock (D. Kevin Elliott) The sun lay low in the Vietnamese sky. While most early model 70 sniper rifles were standard rifles, modified by the Marines for sniper use, this would not be the case for subsequent Winchester rifles coming into US military service. Known as Van Orden rifles, these model 70 sniper rifles were at last procured under the watchful eye of Brigadier General George Van Orden. The scope tube is roll-stamped: "J. UNERTL/USMC-SNIPER" in two lines above the serial number "2232". Without them, it can be extremely tough to hold for the effects. The only sound in the sweltering stillness was the buzzing of flies and gnats as. This is an example of a very rare post-64 "U.S. PROPERTY" marked Winchester model 70 target rifle that was manufactured in 1967, that is fitted with an even rarer "USMC PROPERTY" marked Lyman Super Targetspot rifle scope. This effort was ultimately unsuccessful from a military procurement standpoint, but cemented the Model 70's place in USMC sniper history. The rifle is pillar bedded and barrel free-floated in its original stock. May also want to read this American Rifleman article: Thank you! The company made its humble start in 1963in Gussago, Italywhen Giuseppe Pietta made a commitment to produce guns as authentic and true-to-original as possible. Receiver is engraved with likeness of Carlos Hathcock's signature, along with the White Feather logo. "[35], Hathcock's son, Carlos Hathcock III, later enlisted in the U.S. Marine Corps;[36] he retired from the Marine Corps as a Gunnery Sergeant after following in his father's footsteps as a shooter and became a member of the Board of Governors of the Marine Corps Distinguished Shooters Association.[37]. Winchester Model 70 "standard Rifle" manufactured in 1941 with medium-heavy target barrel and "U.S.M.C.-SNIPER" Unertl telescopic sight. He set up on a hill close to the treeline, 700 yards from where his target would be. Serial numbers were in the approximate 41,000 to 50,000 range, and the rifles had 24" sporter barrels with leaf sights, sporter-checkered stocks with steel buttplates, 1" sling swivels and leather slings.Shortly after the government acquired these rifles, Winchester reported that all .30 Government 06 Rifles are now frozen under War Production Board Limitation Orders. The company obviously wanted to sell as many of the Model 70s remaining in its inventory as possible. His previous skill as a marksman had won him a variety of matches and trophies at places like Camp Perry in Ohio. A few Model 70 sniper rifles saw service in Korea, particularly during the Chosin Reservoir campaign-under difficult winter conditions that rendered other rifles -like the M-1A carbine -ineffective or inoperable. On some occasions, however, he used a different weapon: . The owner had provided us with the stock already featuring a nicely aged appearance, which we maintained in the build. It was this . The precision and reliability of the model 70's controlled-round-feed action meant a cartridge could be slowly and quietly chambered with a single hand - something which was more difficult with a push-feed action. But if you go by the books, everything seems right on it. Land told Hathcock to "put another round in her." Hathcock fired again and her body convulsed. The U.S. Rifle, Caliber .30, M1C is sufficiently accurate for use by snipers in the Marine Corps.Despite this rebuff, the Marine Corps report went on to state that [the] Model 70 Winchester is the most accurate American made, Caliber .30 on the market.During this same period, the U.S. Army also considered procurement of a modified Model 70 for sniping use as reflected in a memo from the chief of ordnance dated Oct. 30, 1951, which states in part: Any further consideration of the Model 70 by the Army was rejected. Model 70 sniper rifles were used by US Marine snipers continuously from WWII, through the Vietnam War. Ultimately neither of these proposed rifles was ultimately adopted. Hathcock was soon a member of the USMC rifle team, and in 1965 he won the Wimbledon Cup, a 1000-yard individual match fired at the National Matches in Camp Perry, Ohio. As events transpired, the Model 70s pressed into service as sniping arms, especially during the Vietnam War, were really never meant to be more than a stop-gap or interim measure until a standardized sniper rifle could be procured. Most of the Model 70 sniper rifles issued by the Marines to snipers in the early stage of the Vietnam War were pre-war or early WWII production Model 70 .30-06 Standard Rifles purchased during WWII. Thanks! They were running about $800 for a nice one with rings a few years ago. For those wondering why the military did not continue using the Model 70 and abandoned it in favor of the Remington Model 700, McGuire gave a cogent synopsis of the reasoning behind this decision: [For Vietnam], the Marines wanted a bolt-action rifle with a medium-heavy barrel and a sporter stock. This is a pretty cool thread. [2] Hathcock married Josephine "Jo" Bryan (ne Broughton; 19302016) on the date of the Marine Corps birthday, November 10, 1962. On this occasion he used a .50 caliber Browning M2 machine gun, to which he attached his scope with a bracket he designed himself. Scope not included. Carlos Norman Hathcock II (20 May 1942 - 23 February 23 1999) was a United States Marine Corps sniper with a service record of 93 confirmed kills. He stayed in the Marine Corps, but his health continued to decline. On some occasions, however, he used a different weapon: the M2 Browning machine gun, on which he mounted an 8X Unertl scope, using a bracket made by metalworkers of the SeaBees. George H. Hurt of the 3rd Marine Divisions newly formed sniper school at Da Nang, Vietnam, checked the 8X Unertl scope mounted on a Winchester Model 70. These relatively few Model 70 rifles soon became favored for their lighter weight, refined handling, and superior accuracy compared to the Springfield rifle. [34] After the war, a friend showed Hathcock a passage written by Ernest Hemingway: "Certainly there is no hunting like the hunting of man, and those who have hunted armed men long enough and like it, never really care for anything else thereafter." .30-06 Winchester Model 70 National Match Rifles equipped with a medium heavy barrel for use during the 1955 National Matches. The recipient of the memo replied on Feb. 7, 1955: The total number of weapons required for the 1955 Matches is 204. It has been confirmed that the U.S. Army purchased in excess of 200 Model 70 rifles between 1954 and 1959, mainly from Van Ordens firm. Very nice work. Btn., 7th Marines, under young Marine Capt. This shot covered a distance of 2500 yards. These later rifles only added to the popularity of the model 70 among US snipers. If you get a chance, test it out for yourself. It is an odd scope by todays standards. In a book I'm reading about on Carlos Hathcock, there are some pictures of him with his rifle. This one is in 308 and came from the AMU. RecPak is a meal replacement for the outdoors that saves you weight, space and time in the most challenging environments, just add water. The 1,047 rifles, U.S., caliber .30, M1903, Snipers Equipment on hand at this Depot are believed to be superior to the subject rifle both in accuracy and durability.. The LR/T front focal offers an elevation range of 65-MOA and a windage range of 65-MOA. Support Veteran Journalism , Editors note: Carlos Hathcock Born this day, May 20, 1942. The serial number of this rifle, "48213" falls within the serial number range of Marine WWII Model 70 rifles listed on pages 49-50 of Death from Afar Volume 1" by Chandler & Chandler but is not included on the list. Springfield Armory's M-21 and M-25 are the highest quality precision rifles built on the M-14action. The Model 70 Standard Rifles were fitted with Winchester medium-heavy target barrels in modified stocks and the Unertl telescopic sights. Above, Marine rifleman Dalton Gunderson eyes the enemy through an 8X Unertl scope on top of his Special Services-procured Winchester Model 70 in Vietnam. The sniper system shoots the M72 match ammunition loaded with 173-grain boat-tailed bullets (.30-06). A marksman model 70 still in active use with the PA National Guard. The action has some design similarities to Mauser designs and it is a development of the earlier Winchester Model 54. A list of modern browsers is below; simply click an icon to go to the browsers download page. This rifle is the same as the Model 70 sniper rifle used by famed Marine sniper Carlos Hathcock near Da Nang, Republic of Vietnam, in 1966. Probably overthinking this but I like to use the "stops" at each end of the power range in this application. the best known U.S. Marine Corps snipers who used the Winchester Model 70 during the Vietnam War was Gunnery Sergeant Carlos Hathcock, who used a Winchester Model 70 sniper rifle chambered in .30-06. The Riflemans Rifle, fitted with an 8X Unertl, was used by the military in long-range competition, then eventually by Marines in Vietnam. Carlos Hathcock died on February 23, 1999, in Virginia Beach, Virginia, from complications resulting from multiple sclerosis. The President of the United States of America takes pleasure in presenting the Silver Star to Staff Sergeant Carlos N. Hathcock, II (MCSN: 1873109), United States Marine Corps, for conspicuous gallantry and intrepidity in action while serving as a Sniper, Seventh Marines, FIRST Marine Division, in connection with military operations against the enemy in the Republic of Vietnam on 16 September 1969. Winchester Model 70 It was long thought that Hathcock, armed with his Winchester Model 70 . The rifle excelled in USMC sniper trials and target competitions, making it the preferred rifle of most USMC snipers. However, we are happy to build tribute rifles and were very pleased torecently completea USMC sniper tribute rifle. It was the Marines who pressed the Winchester Model 70 into service as a sniper rifle in Vietnam. The Model 70. While the USMC used the Model 70 to greatest advantage during this period, a limited number were also employed by Army personnel for sniping, and Model 70s with silencers mounted on them were utilized for covert operations in Southeast Asia.James O. E. Norells article A Century Of USMC Sniper Rifles (August 2007, p. 44) related some interesting information by retired USMC Maj. Edward J.Jim Land, Jr., regarding the Model 70 rifles that were used by the Marines in Vietnam circa 1966: Land first scrounged 12 Model 70 sporting rifles that had been procured by Special Services for deer hunting at Camp Pendleton. In 1966, the Marines determined that the M1C and M1D Garand sniper rifles lacked the accuracy required for operations in Vietnam and modified the available Model 70 target rifles and standard rifles to sniper configuration by fitting them with the 8x Unertl "USMC-SNIPER" telescopic sights mounted on the Springfield M1903A1 sniper rifles during WWII and the Korean Conflict. In turn, the Winchester factory had submitted a sniper prototype of the Model 70 fitted with a 10-round detachable box magazine to the US Army back in the early 1950s. Regardless, the fact that there were a number of Model 1903 Marine Corps match rifles, along with spare parts, already on-hand resulted in the idea of a standardized Model 70 sniping rifle being doomed from the start.Despite the Marine Corps firm rejection of the Model 70, some of these rifles did, in fact, serve overseas in combat, albeit on an unofficial basis. Gunnery Sgt. Leatherwood is etched glass. The most well known Marine sniper of the Vietnam war has become a modern legend. My Hathcock tribute. The Winchester Model 70 is a bolt-action, sporting rifle that can be used for hunting or shooting. . Marines like Carlos Hathcock proved the rifle was quite accurate and very effective. He did however adapt according to the conditions and once even used the M2 Browning machine gun! The Unertl Scope used during that time didnt have the glass clarification that we have become so accustomed to. The letter, signed by Winchesters Edwin Pugsley, concluded: It occurs to us that the Marine Corps may be interested in an additional quantity of [these] rifles at this time and shall be glad to submit quotation if you will advise us what styles and quantities you may be interested in.About a week after this letter, the Marine Corps firmly closed the door on the acquisition of any additional Model 70 rifles. Sgt. Steam rose from the damp jungle mulch. Hathcock held the record for the highest bounty and killed every known Vietnamese marksman who sought him to try to collect it. After returning to active duty, Hathcock helped establish the Marine Corps Scout Sniper School at the Marine base in Quantico, Virginia. Includes 10 round box magazine standard plus extra 5 round magazine, and hard case. Introduced in 1936 as an improvement on the Model 54, the Model 70 soon set the standard for commercial bolt-action rifles. A native of Little Rock, Arkansas, Gunnery Sergeant Carlos N. Hathcock II joined the Corps in 1959 at age 17. From an early age, he was fond of firearms. The rifle would of course have to be chambered in the 458 x 1.5 Barnes cartridge. Hathcock dreamed of being a Marine throughout his childhood, and so on May 20, 1959, at the age of 17, he enlisted in the United States Marine Corps. My Hathcock tribute is based on what he considered the "ideal" rifle as discussed in his authorized biography, "White Feather". Hathcock generally used a Winchester Model 70, chambered in .30-06 and with a standard 8-power Unertl scope. For these reasons, we regularly get inquiries about building "tribute" and "replica"USMC Sniper rifles. His parents separated so he grew up with his grandmother in Geyer Springs, Pulaski County. I hope you don't mind but I was able to move my eyes beyond and it looks like you are fortunate to enjoy some beautiful shooting area if perhaps a bit cold. Excellent. Founded by Frank Galli in 2000, Snipers Hide has been offering informational videos, podcasts, and other support to its users in one location. The left side of the barrel has the standard Winchester legend and trademark followed by: "MODEL 70-30-06 SPRG.-". It is an odd scope by today's standards. Accurate in every detail, enjoyed reading this. Considered a real one but again even a cheap ($450.00) modern scope I feel is better than an original 60's era scope. During this depression, his wife Jo nearly left him but decided to stay. It is used by not only sportsmen, but military and police snipers as well. The optics are clear. Using this rifle, we shot at increments of 100 yards, all the way out to 1,000 to test our modern-day sniper skills. The matte black LR/T weighs 19.5 ounces and is 13.5 inches in overall length. What should the discerning collector look for in a potential buy? Hathcock was soon a member of the USMC rifle team, and in 1965 he won the Wimbledon Cup, a 1000-yard individual match fired at the National Matches in Camp Perry, Ohio. What many people don't realize is that the Unertl scope back in the day doesn't have glass amplification. Charles Henderson, in Marine Sniper, his biography of legendary Marine sniper Carlos Hathcock, tells of a 1967 incident when Hathcock, used two shots from a Browning M2 50 caliber machine gun to dispatch a Viet Cong soldier . [16], Hathcock stated in interviews that he killed a female Viet Cong platoon leader called "the Apache woman," with a reputation for torturing captive U.S. Marines, around the firebase at Hill 55. At the direction of Van Orden, USMC armorers began modifying some of thesporter weight rifles, fitting them with heavy Douglas target barrels and Unertl 8X scopes. The metal was reblued as required. The rifle is a Winchester M70 in 30-06. A one of a kind rifle! Confrontations with North Vietnamese snipers, NRA.org/NRA National Shooting Program/ NRA National Trophies/Wimbledon Cup, Navy and Marine Corps Presidential Unit Citation, Marine Corps Rifle Expert Marksmanship Badge, Marine Corps Pistol Expert Marksmanship Badge, Princess Patricia's Canadian Light Infantry, List of historically notable United States Marines, "Marine Corps Sets Sights on More Precise Shooting", "The Story of Legendary Sniper Carlos Hathcock", "Etica ed estetica del cecchino nella narrativa di Nicolai Lilin", "Carlos Hathcock: Famous Marine Corps Sniper", "Ultimate Marine (Hathcock vs Mawhinney)", "Valor Awards for Carlos N. Hathcock, II", "A Quiet Man Uniquely Qualified To Stalk And Kill", "Marine Corps Distinguished Shooters Association Board of Governors", "2015 Marine Corps League Enlisted Awards Announcement", "Review: Springfield Armory's M-25 Whitefeather", "Range complex named after famous Vietnam sniper", Longest confirmed combat sniper-shot kill, https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Carlos_Hathcock&oldid=1142492093, United States Marine Corps personnel of the Vietnam War, Military personnel from Little Rock, Arkansas, United States Marine Corps non-commissioned officers, Articles with dead external links from November 2016, Articles with permanently dead external links, All articles with specifically marked weasel-worded phrases, Articles with specifically marked weasel-worded phrases from February 2019, Articles with failed verification from February 2019, Articles with self-published sources from December 2017, Creative Commons Attribution-ShareAlike License 3.0, Hathcock's duel with Cobra was mentioned in the History Channel, This page was last edited on 2 March 2023, at 18:11. Hathcock was one of several individuals to utilize the M2 Browning machine gun in the sniping role. that had been originally purchased [as] across-the course bolt guns for the National Matches. In 1936, Winchester introduced the Model 70 bolt-action rifle to the American market. Gunny Hathcock's venerable Winchester could certainly tell a tale or two. Scope used by Carlos Hathcock. All of the markings are crisp. By his courage, aggressive leadership, and total devotion to duty in the face of extreme personal danger, Staff Sergeant Hathcock reflected great credit upon himself and the Marine Corps and upheld the highest traditions of the United States Naval Service.[29]. Composite stock of course. Hathcock took possession of the dead sniper's rifle, hoping to bring it home as a "trophy", but after he turned it in and tagged it, it was stolen from the armory. Carlos Norman Hathcock II (May 20, 1942 February 22, 1999) was a United States Marine Corps (USMC) sniper with a service record of 93 confirmed kills. He did win the Wimbledon Cup with it after all. Carlos Hathcock was born on May 20, 1942, in North Little Rock, Arkansas. This is yet another example of the truism that a great civilian firearm does not always equate to a great military rifle. While visiting relatives in Mississippi, he took to shooting and hunting at an early age, partly out of necessity to help feed his poor family. Built with glass-bedded actions and heavy barrels, and used for long-range target competition, the M70s were capable of great accuracy with the Unertl scopes. Hathcock was soon a member of the USMC rifle team, and in 1965 he won the Wimbledon Cup, a 1000-yard individual match fired at the National Matches in Camp Perry, Ohio. The rifle chosen was the Winchester Model 70. But it's a total rebuild. *Lighting a path to truth* Former Navy JAG Worldwide U.S. Military Defense. The metal finishes were done by Ken Pederson ofPederson Arms in Arlington, WA. Although the model 70 was never officially approved for combat service during WWII, a number of Model 70s made their way into combat with USMC snipers. Carlos Hathcock, in Vietnam (left) and receiving the Silver Star (right). Are you at 6 or are you at 5.75 or 6.25? These scopes now used in Vietnam are the same scopes on newer rifles. [47] Hathcock carried a Colt M1911A1 pistol as a sidearm.[17]. Gunnery Sgt. Carlos Hathcock holds the Marine Corps record for the longest confirmed sniper kill shot. The anodized aluminum Unertl target mounts have a blue-brown patina that is typical of these WWII production mounts. "The only difficulty I had with Carlos was that he'd stay out there too long. In two tours in the 1960s, he wandered through the big bad bush in the Republic of South Vietnam, and with a rifle made by Winchester, a heart made by God and a discipline made by the Marine Corps, he stalked and killed 93 of his countrys enemies.. Hathcock pulled seven Marines from the flame-engulfed vehicle, suffering severe burns (some third-degree) to his face, arms, and legs, before someone pulled him away and placed him in water because he was unaware of how badly he had been burnt. Officially, Carlos Hathcock had 93 confirmed kills. Thus, the Model 70 remained in the militarys inventory, albeit as a match rifle, until the escalation of the war in Vietnam, which resulted in a renewed emphasis on accurate sniper rifles. Carlos Hathcock receiving the Silver Star for his actions in Vietnam. Maj. Land told me that early in the war members of the sniper platoon collected contributions. He fell into a state of depression when he was forced out of the Marines because he felt as if the service had kicked him out. That's the way I look at it. The rifle retains nearly 95% of the original blue finish with very minor handling wear. And, yes, I am extremely fortunate to have the most wonderful private range at my disposal. You are using an out of date browser. In 1966, Hathcock started his deployment in the Vietnam War as a military policeman and later became a sniper after Captain Edward James Land pushed the Marines into raising snipers in every platoon. His previous skill as a marksman had won him a variety of matches and trophies at places like Camp Perry in Ohio. Read today's "The Armed Citizen" entry for real stories of law-abiding citizens, past and present, who used their firearms to save lives. If you decide that you wanted an original Unertl, they are out there and available. Enjoy the photos and let us know if there's a special model 70 project we can take on for you! This rifle has all of the characteristics of the Marine Model 70 sniper rifles issued in Vietnam c. 1966. The Marine Corps clearly believed that the existing Model 1903, tuned to match grade, was a superior sniping rifle as compared to the Model 70. This one is mine. The Model 70 was largely based on the Model 54, and is today still highly regarded by shooters and is often called "The Rifleman's Rifle".In 1999 Shooting Times magazine named the Model 70 the "Bolt-action Rifle of the Century". It was the performance of these Snipers in Vietnam that secured the sniper concept as a permanent fixture in the United States military. This rebuild work varied but generally consisted of replacing the original sporter barrels with heavier 24" or 26" barrels and replacing the stocks as necessary, often with new target stocks procured from Winchester. The Korean War was the last conflict in which the World War II-vintage bolt-action M1903A1/Unertl sniper rifle was employed. The Gunnery Sergeant Carlos Hathcock Award is presented annually by the National Defense Industrial Association "to recognize an individual who has made significant contributions in operational employment and tactics of small arms weapons systems which have impacted the readiness and capabilities of the U.S. military or law enforcement. A handful of the original USMC model 70 riflessurvive to this day, and 76 years later hold enormous collector interest. He was the only child of Carlos and Agnes Hathcock. These two historic Winchester Model 70 rifles bearing serial numbers "1" and "2" are now being offered for sale by Sportsman's Legacy. Carlos Hathcock usually used a Winchester Model 70 in .30 .06. Keep an eye on the CMP Auction Site. Bolt Action Sniper Rifle with Unertl Telescopic Sight Manufacturer: Winchester Model: 70 Type: Rifle Gauge: 30-06 Barrel: 24 inch round Finish: blue Grip: Stock: walnut checkered Item Views: 13427 He copied Hemingway's words on a piece of paper. "[40] The Marine Corps League (MCL) sponsors an annual program with 12 award categories, which includes the Gunnery Sergeant Carlos N. Hathcock II Award presented "to an enlisted Marine who has made an outstanding contribution to the improvement of marksmanship training. And they did see duty. Van Ordens rifles also enjoyed some measure of success on the target range, as Marine Col. Walter Walsh won the 1952 National Rifle Matches at Camp Perry, Ohio, with one of the Van Orden Snipers.. He had dreamed of being a U.S. Marine his whole life and enlisted in 1959 at just 17 years old. He hunted at that early age with a .22-caliber J. C. Higgins single-shot rifle. Estimated Price: $ 15,000 - $ 25,000 Price Realized: Details Outstanding, Rare and Well Documented Winchester Model 70 U.S.M.C. Born in 1942, Hathcock enlisted in the Marine Corps on May 20, 1959--the very day he turned 17. Unofficially and by his own estimates, Hathcock believed he killed between 300 and 400. After his service in Vietnam, Hathcock helped establish the USMCs Scout Sniper School at Quantico, Virginia, and he continued to pass along his hard-won knowledge to both military and law enforcement marksmen in the years that followed. The bolt body is polished bright and electro-penciled with the rifle serial number "48213". Hathcock was awarded the Silver Star for his heroic action. The sniper, known only as the "Cobra," had already killed several Marines and was believed to have been sent specifically to kill Hathcock. Rewards put on U.S. snipers by the PAVN typically ranged from $8 to $2,000. While the causes and conduct of that war remain a subject of great debate, an interesting aspect of the conflict is the use of the Winchester Model 70 as a precision rifle by the US forces, especially by the US Marine Corps snipers. The Winchester Model 70is abolt-actionsporting/huntingrifle. The machine work, barrel channel and bedding were completed in our shop. He was the only child of Carlos and Agnes Hathcock. [18][19], Hathcock only once removed the white feather from his bush hat while deployed in Vietnam. Eventually, there were likely thousands of model 70s in military service, with the exact number unknown. From 100 -500 yards, things were fairly easy to compensate. Hathcock's career as a sniper has been used as a basis for a variety of fictional snipers, from the "shooting through the scope incident" to the number of kills he made. The Model 70 was largely based on the Model 54, and is today still highly regarded by shooters and is often called "The Rifleman's Rifle." The sniper system shoots the M72 match ammunition loaded with 173-grain . Clapp is, of course, an American Rifleman field editor today.To subscribe to the magazine,visit theNRA membership page here and selectAmerican Rifleman as your member magazine. The scope adjusts with turrets integral to the rear scope mount, and the tube of the scope floats inside adjustment pins. Carlos Hathcock with his Winchester Model 70 rifle. Wow. If I was you, I might look up this guy on ebay and write him and see if he has anymore of these barrels. [44] Turner Saddlery similarly honored Hathcock by producing a line of leather rifle slings based on his design.
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