Persecution of the Muslims continued. His formal education ended at the fourth grade, and at 16 he left home. The Detroit experience was as critical to his later activities as were his modest beginnings. Encyclopaedia Britannica's editors oversee subject areas in which they have extensive knowledge, whether from years of experience gained by working on that content or via study for an advanced degree. Louis Farrakhan, in full Louis Abdul Farrakhan, original name Louis Eugene Walcott, (born May 11, 1933, Bronx, New York, New York, U.S.), leader (from 1978) of the Nation of Islam, an African American movement that combined elements of Islam with Black nationalism. However, he was quickly arrested again this time he was imprisoned for four years at the Federal Correctional Institution situated in Michigan. He is remembered for having acted as the Nation of Islam (NOI) leader. Membership was increasing when, in 1955, Brief history on origin of the Nation of Islam, https://noi.org/esp-honorable-elijah-muhammad/, 68 Years of Service: A Gift of Gratitude to The Honorable Minister Louis Farrakhan, FBI COINTELPRO: The U.S. Governments War Against Dissent. His Teacher, Master W. Fard Muhammad, was also harassed by the police and was forced out of Detroit and moved to Chicago where he continued to face imprisonment and harassment by the police. He was born in the United States. Economic development combined with moral and spiritual renewal began to show signs of progress with the establishment of farms, livestock and vegetable cultivation, rental housing, private home construction and acquisitions, other real estate purchases, food processing centers, restaurants, clothing factories, banking, business league formations, import and export businesses, aviation, health care, administrative offices, shipping on both land, sea and air, and men's and women's development and leadership training units. Together, the two welcomed eight children in their marriage. But his mysticism was applied; it always had a quite earthly purpose. Although he had registered as a conscientious objector with the Selective Service, he refused, at his fathers insistence, to accept alternative service, and in 1961 he was sentenced to prison for draft evasion. In reply, Malcolm stated emphatically that the Muslims would not participate in any violence against King or any other action hurting our own kind. Even though the Honorable Elijah Muhammad considered Dr. King to be leading Black people astray, his national spokesperson stated in as sharp and unmistakable words as Malcolm could muster that the NOI would in no way do physical harm to the SCLC leader. The mere mention of the 32-year-old Atlanta-based civil rights leader shifted the mood of the room. His father, William Poole Sr., was a sharecropper in the cotton fields during the time of slavery. The founder of the Nation, Wallace D. Fard, foretold Mohammeds birth and his rise to leadership of the movement. He also kept what details he knew away from his wife, Betty, and even from his older brother Wilfred, with whom he ended up sharing almost every other dark secret of his risk-taking career. Muhammads branch of the Nation of Islam took on the name American Muslim Mission after Louis Farrakhan split with the group in 1977. Along with nonMuslims, Elijaah Muhammad was arrested in Chicago in 1942 and charged with sedition and violation of the Selective Service Act. He prevented Black Muslims from participating in the country's political process, including any political activity on behalf of a separate state, because, he contended, what was to be achieved by the Nation of Islam was to be achieved divinely, through natural catastrophes and warring among whites on a national and international scale. Mr. Muhammad was considered by Black Muslims as the Last Messenger of Allah. Strict adherence to that belief might cause some problems of succession, but it is expected generally that one of his sons will assume the leadership. In a faceoff with the most murderous white devils in America, the Nations separate state program sounded like a plea rather than the assertion that Malcolm envisioned. Mr. Kuntsler cited a declassified memo obtained through the Freedom of Information Act that revealed that the U.S. Government played a role in the 1965 assassination of Brother Malcolm X. His parents were Baptist sharecroppers. He moved to the city of Chicago in September of that same year. 0312181531. Detroit was a bustling upwardly mobile city with its burgeoning auto industry. Unbeknownst to Malcolm and Jeremiah, this initiative from the most violent, self-declared white racist group in America was being monitored by the FBI. Elijah Muhammad, the most prominent leader of the Nation of Islam (NOI), was born Elijah Poole in Sandersville, Georgia, on October 7, 1897.He was the son of sharecropper and Baptist minister Wallace Poole and his wife, Mariah. ELIJAH MUHAMMAD (October 7, 1897 - February 25, 1975), leader of the Black Muslim group, the Nation of Islam, for more than forty years. His program called for the establishment of a separate nation for black Americans and the adoption of a religion based on the worship of Allah and on the belief that blacks are his chosen people. Despite the Supreme Courts caveat prescribing all deliberate speed, the decision inspired civil rights groups to accelerate the pace of desegregationagainst stiff white opposition from parents, school boards, governors and congressmen, sheriffs and the terror tactics of the KKK. CHICAGO, Feb. 25 Elijah Muhammad, spiritual leader of the nation's Black Muslims, died here today of congestive heart failure. As of 2023, Elijah Muhammad's net worth is under review. His biography is available in 30 different languages on Wikipedia (up from 28 in 2019 . When Elijah Muhammad died in February 1975, the Nation of Islam fragmented. Yet, they diddled with Elijah Muhammads division-of-the-wealth proposition like so many day laborers contemplating the breakup, say, of the United Kingdom. Elizabeth, observing from the sidelines, was not amused. Elijah Poole, the son of a minister, and whose parents, William (later named Wali) and Marie Poole, had 12 other children, had to quit school after barely finishing the third grade to work in the fields as a sharecropper so his family could eat. We want white robes., Returning to the stalemate over racial segregation versus separation, Malcolm chided the Klansmen that they shouldnt be able to segregate him and give him what they want him to have, instead of what he should have. Poverty and survival were at war with each other. Everywhere you see him, look at him. After an appeal, Budzinski ruled again in favor of the children in July 1986. In recent years, Mr. Muhammad moderated the antiwhite tone of the religion. His published autobiography, originally conceived largely as a tribute to Elijah Muhammad, did not mention a single word about the secret 1961 meeting. And he had grown up convinced beyond all arguments that this same Ku Klux Klan had killed his father. The Jim Crow segregation system the Klan was hellbent on preserving, Malcolm deadpanned, had to date given Black people the short end of the stick, and often no stick at all. This was a planned meeting between the Nation of Islam and the Ku Klux Klan, and it had an agenda. In 1955 Walcott joined the Nation of Islam. Suddenly, the convoy drivers all revved their engines noisily and sped off in the direction of the patrol car. In Malcolm's words, "For Mr. Muhammad's teachings really to resurrect American black . As a white man unaccustomed to Black resistance, and with his Klan cohort cutting their eyes, Fellows maintained the air of a man who had every right to expect compliance. Yet, he would refer to the Mother Plane, a, mysterious space ship with superior beings, giant black gods or something like that, that patrolled the universe, keeping an eye on the devil and ready to rescue Black Muslims from the Armageddon. While in prison he studied the Qurn and the Bible and considered the words of the sentencing judge: The boy is dominated by his father.. Sundays | 10am CST Edward E. Curtis IV, Islam in Black America: Identity, Liberation, and Difference in African-American Islamic Thought (Albany: State University of New York Press, 2002); Karl Evanzz, the Messenger: The Rise and Fall of Elijah Muhammad (New York: Pantheon Books, 1999); Martha F. Lee, the Nation of Islam: An American Millenarian Movement (Syracuse: Syracuse University Press, 1996). Our problem is the bad n-----s. You dont like bad n-----s, yourselves. Fellows said flat-out that he had beat a few of these bad n-----s. One was a lazy worker bent on tardiness. Where funds are solicited to benefit a religious organization, we believe that basic principles of equity and fair dealing should preclude the use of those funds to benefit the personal estate of the religious leader, wrote Appellate Court Justice Mel Jiganti in the courts opinion. Similarly, he was a religious mentor to the likes of Muhammad Ali, Louis Farrakhan and Malcolm X. Elijah Muhammad was born Elijah Robert Poole on October 7th, in 1897. Well take care of the violence.. In 1965, the Honorable Elijah Muhammad promoted Minister Louis Farrakhan to the post of National Representative. Louis X was given his Muslim name, Abdul Haleem Farrakhan, by Elijah Muhammad, the leader of the Nation of Islam. Well make yall like a partner, Fellows explainedlike an auxiliary. They say that I am a preacher of racial hatred, Mr. Muhammad once said, but the fact is that the white people don't like the truth, especially if it speaks against them. Elijah Muhammad (born Elijah Robert Poole; October 7, 1897 - February 25, 1975) was an African-American religious leader, who led the Nation of Islam from 1934 until his death in 1975. "I want you to pay good attention to his preaching. Some work for me. He called himself a prophet and lived like a king in a fortress-like building on the South Side. Muhammad, Mr. Schuyler wrote in 1959, may be a rogue and a charlatan, but when anybody can get tens of thousands of Negroes to practice economic solidarity, respect their women, alter their atrocious diet, give up liquor, stop crime, juvenile delinquency and adultery, he is doing more for Negroes welfare than any current Negro leader I know.. During the 1950s, Mr. Muhammad promoted Min. Lynchings, race riots and other forms of terrorism against Blacks continued unabated. Walcott, as he was then known, was raised in Boston by his mother, Sarah Mae Manning, an immigrant from St. Kitts and Nevis. Supreme Court Justice Thurgood Marshall, a black liberal and a civil rights lawyer in 1959, said then that Mr. Muhammad's organization was run by a bunch of thugs organized from prisons and jails and financed, I am sure, by Nasser [Gamal Abdel Nasser of Egypt] or some Arab group. Justice Marshall added that followers of Mr. Muhammad were vicious and a threat to the Federal Bureau of Investigation and state law enforcement agencies. In 1931, Elijah Muhammad crossed paths with Wallace D. Fard while he listened to his Islamic preaching and the empowerment speeches that he has to the black community. Each group was on record as opposing the goals of the Reverend Martin Luther King Jr., although for separate and unequal reasons. His very public defection from the Nation of Islam was based on his misinterpretation of the domestic life of the Hon. In 1972, the Honorable Elijah Muhammad opened a $2 million mosque and school in Chicago. Our editors will review what youve submitted and determine whether to revise the article. ("Biography"). New York . Everywhere you hear him, listen to him. I tell you what, Malcolm, Fellows finally said, we can get yall some purple robes., Oh, no, no, no. said Malcolm, unwilling to let the opposing leader slip the leash. Farrakhan disagreed with Wallace Muhammads attempts to move the Nation to orthodox Sunni Islam and to rid it of Elijah Muhammads radical Black nationalism and separatist teachings, which stressed the inherent wickedness of whites. The short and scrawny stranger wore a black fedora with an unusually high crown, like a witchs hat, Jeremiah later said. He's a fan of the basketball player LeBron James. Updates? Following the disappearance of Fard in 1934, NOI became segregated forming different groups with different leaders. At the time of the meeting, race relations in America had been rocked by the 1954 Brown v. Board of Education ruling, which had outlawed school segregation. The willingness of Elijah Muhammad to overlook the long, bloody history, as well as the mounting terror of the Klan struck his national spokesperson on a deeply personal level. When he died at 77, the group had 100,000 members and Muhammad had amassed a fortune of as much as $20 million, much of it collected in small sums from followers. After the meeting, the 10-car convoy took Fellows and his three dozen henchmen across town and emptied them out at the two-story Tower Theater at 583 Peachtree Street. Our editors will review what youve submitted and determine whether to revise the article. Muhammad instructed Malcolm and Jeremiah to pitch to the Klan that white America owed Black people an allotment of land as partial payment for more than 300 years of slavery and Jim Crow exploitation and that the inability of the two races to coexist would be eased by Elijah Muhammads setting up of a Black separate state. Although a fixed amount of acreage was not specified, Malcolm was instructed to seek an opening to request Klan assistance in acquiring such designated land, or, at least, to negotiate a pact of noninterference with acquisition of land by other means. From Chicago, the central point of the Nation of Islam, Mr. Muhammad expanded his membership drive to new heights. Although Mr. Muhammad personally enjoyed disasters that befell whites, seeing them as Allah's work, he sought to prevent any public expression of Muslim enjoyment of the event. Surprisingly, the Nations leadership chose Wallace Muhammad (now known as Warith Deen Mohammed), the fifth of Elijahs six sons, as the new Supreme Minister. Get a Britannica Premium subscription and gain access to exclusive content. Co-author of. Omissions? (Malcolms father died in a streetcar accident in Lansing, Michigan; no connection to white supremacists has been established.). The stock market crash in 1929 was the gateway to economic misery that sparked the fuel of the "Great Depression" of the 1930s. Many other male members of the Nation of Islam at that time were imprisoned for being conscientious objectors to World War II. Corrections? Mr. Muhammad quickly became an integral part of the Temple of Islam. Muhammad had warned his negotiators about Klan skulduggery, but not even the Messenger had anticipated such a cold-blooded request for a joint venture against King. The F.B.I 's declassification of its files on Muhammad and the cooperation of his sons helped Muhammad's biographer paint a portrait of a man who left his mark on race relations indelibly stamped on the American consciousness. His parents were sharecroppersand former slaves. And Sunni Muslims in Brooklyn were said by the police to have tried to steal guns from a sporting goods store to prepare for a war with Black Muslims. During these tumultuous days of racial confrontation, the Nation of Islam operated on a third rail, opposing integration from the Black side of the race divide. Malcolm read the teaching of Elijah Muhammad A Nation Of Islam Malcolm dropped his slave name little an choose X to represent his lost tribal name. Muhammad became Fard's successor from 1934 until his death in. Back in 1956, his Montgomery, Alabama, home had been bombed, and ensuing threats created a constant and justified fear for his life and safety. Racial turmoil in the area had become a federal matter. By 1955, the group had about fifteen temples and by 1959 NOI had about 50 temples across 22 states. 1022 words Read More Muslim Terrorism in the United States analytical essay He left the Nation in 1963 over theological differences with other leaders. Now get something for yourself.. And yet here was a group of local Klansmen plotting to stalk this nonviolent Black leader toward no good end. Talk of the Nation looks back at the life of Elijah Muhammad the man who led the Nation of Islam for four decades. Elijah Muhammad was a religious leader, author, and self proclaimed Messenger of Allah (God) who led the Nation of Islam (NOI) from 1934 until his death in 1975. He was born in Sandersville, Ga., on Oct. 7, 1897. The meeting was the beginning of an uneasy alliance between the NOI and the Ku Klux Klan on shared goals of racial separation. But their conversion from criminal to believer was viewed in black communities as a near miracle. The documentary misrepresents the message of the Nation of Islam, calling it a hate teaching. As a subscriber, you have 10 gift articles to give each month. Elijah Muhammad is a member of the famous Bodybuilder list. Muhammad slowly built up the membership of the Black Muslims through assiduous recruitment in the postwar decades. (Another rousing round of applause ensued). Early life He successfully guided his group to move to Chicago. Malcolm X Reloaded: Who Really Assassinated Malcolm X? He believed Mr. Muhammad's religious interpretations that excluded Caucasian Moslems too narrow, and he was concerned by the Black Muslims policy of nonengagement in civil rights and political affairs. Who exactly was this W.S. Cleared of the sedition charges, he was convicted or exhorting his followers to avoid the draft and he was sent to Federal prison in Milan, Mich., for about four years. Mr. Fard has since been deified as Allah and his, birthday, Feb. 26, is observed throughout the Nation of Islam as Saviour's Day. A host of Islamic and African governments received the Honorable Elijah Muhammad and donated generously to his mission. Often, he would send messages to the group using letters. Like his predecessor, Farrakhan was a dynamic, charismatic leader and a powerful speaker with the ability to appeal to the African American masses. Because of Muhammads separatist views, his most prominent disciple, Malcolm X, broke with the group and, before his assassination in 1965, helped to lend an identity to the group (once known as the American Muslim Mission and now part of the worldwide orthodox Muslim community) that split from the Nation of Islam after Muhammads death in 1975. CHICAGO, Feb. 25 Elijah Muhammad, spiritual leader of the nation's Black Muslims, died here today of congestive heart failure. Mr. Fard selected Minister of Islam and a staff of assistant ministers. Guests: Claude Andrew Clegg III Author An Original Man: The Life and Times of Elijah Muhammad Professor of History, North Carolina A&T State University. There were thugs, dope addicts and prostitutes in the Nation of Islam. When Elijah Muhammad died in February 1975, the Nation of Islam fragmented. But Detroit, with its huge population of 1.5 million people including 250,000 thousand Blacks, was beginning to see changes in its social scene. Les Payne (1941-2018) was a reporter and editor at Newsday. In later speeches he blamed the U.S. government for what he claimed was a conspiracy to destroy Black people with AIDS and addictive drugs. When Fard left the United States, Elijah Muhammad rose to power. Youd lahk ta come in, sir? asked Jeremiah, mouthing as much of a drawl as the native Philadelphian could muster. Encyclopaedia Britannica's editors oversee subject areas in which they have extensive knowledge, whether from years of experience gained by working on that content or via study for an advanced degree. But this was not an ambush. As many as 2,000 paid FBI informants were operating inside the Klan, it later would be revealed. Let us know if you have suggestions to improve this article (requires login). https://www.britannica.com/biography/Elijah-Muhammad, Spartacus Educational - Biography of Elijah Muhammad, Elijah Muhammad - Student Encyclopedia (Ages 11 and up). Upon his release from prison in 1946, Elijah Muhammad took over again as the leader of the Nation of Islam. During his childhood in the racially segregated South, Poole received his basic education at a public school but soon dropped out to help his family earn a living in . Actually, the concepts preached and practiced by Mr. Muhammad were handed to him by the founder of the Nation of Islam, W. D. Fard, or Master Farad Muhammad. For the next three and one-half years, Mr. Muhammad was personally taught by his Teacher non-stop. In 1953 he married Khadijah, with whom he would have nine children. Copyright 1997 NPR. Canting his head to look around Jeremiahs shoulder, the Witch Hat inquired, Are you that Malcolm X? The reply rang just as determinedly, Yes, sir.. It is from this location that he became a massive influence to NOI that he was leading. So the men slid along to lesser sticking points. Elijah served as the inspiration and mentor to several personalities, such as Malcolm X, Louis Farrakhan, and Muhammad Ali, who led the movement further. Moreover, America's racial situation continued its downward spiral. He is remembered for having acted as the Nation of Islam (NOI) leader. By the mid-sixties, Mr. Muhammad's ever-growing Islamic movement extended itself to more than 60 cities and settlements abroad in Ghana, Mexico, the Caribbean, and Central America among others places, according to the Muhammad Speaks newspaper, the religion's chief information apparatus. Muhammad became known especially for his flamboyant rhetoric directed at white people, whom he called blue-eyed devils. In his later years, however, he moderated his antiwhite tone and stressed self-help among blacks rather than confrontation between the races. Elijah Muhammad was born on October 7th, in 1897. The inclusion of his phone number, with an exchange that indicated he lived in the Grant Park section of the city, suggested that he awaited an answer. his contributions helped the african american race during a time of social struggles that could have been detrimental to its future. Nonetheless the Nation attracted numerous converts including Malcolm Little who became Malcolm X. It also kept secret whatever covert follow-up action the bureau may have taken against the Klan and the Black Muslims, as well as against civil rights leaders. Rev. He assumed the name Elijah in honor of his [] The seventh son of Elijah Muhammad, the leader of the Nation of Islam . 1. Preemptively, he announced that the Black Muslims were not in favor of the established, legal policy of Jim Crow segregation. Elijah Muhammad was born on October 7th, in 1897. "He's not a proud man," he said. Muhammad died from congestive heart failure at the age of 77 on February 25, 1975, the day before Saviours' Day, at Mercy Hospital in Chicago, Illinois.[1]. Still, the two races were said to be incapable of living together in peace. He was released from jail in August, 1952, and his rise paralleled the period of most significant growth in black awareness. Although King and his family lived nearby, and Jeremiah saw him occasionally at Pascals Restaurant and other dining spots, the internationally known celebrity had begun to move around his hometown stealthily and with security details. CrossFit Athlete and owner of CrossFit Unorthodox. One of his sons named Warith Deen Mohammed succeeded him as the leader of the group. Similarly, he was a religious mentor to the likes of Muhammad Ali, Louis Farrakhan and Malcolm X. Louis X first proved himself at Temple No. African American religious leader Elijah Muhammad was the leader of the Nation of Islam ("Black Muslims") during their period of greatest growth in the mid-twentieth century. AboutPressCopyrightContact. He nevertheless maintained a fairly high profile, giving online sermons in addition to his public speeches. And recently, black professionalsphysicians, police officers and the collegeeducated, for examplehave joined the movement. Malcolm X was assassinated one year later by, as many believe, a direct order of Muhammad. They didnt really hate all n-----s, he said, in an attempt to break the ice. Connect with the definitive source for global and local news. Forerunning transcendental meditation and other modern popular sects, he saw the need for 20thcentury religions to declare themselves based on science, not faith. It was the name the white slave-master of my grandfather after the so-called freedom of my fathers.". After a near-death experience in 2000 resulting from complications from prostate cancer (he was diagnosed with cancer in 1991), Farrakhan toned down his racial rhetoric and attempted to strengthen relations with other minority communities, including Native Americans, Hispanics, and Asians. The others were dressed more casually, including a rural politician in long sleeves. Elijah Muhammad believed that the white race was created by Yakub, a Black scientist, and that Allah had allowed this devilish race to hold power for 6,000 years. Emmanuel Muhammad, administrator of his fathers estate, argued that the money belonged to Elijah Muhammads 22 children. The slavemaster has given you all he could give you. He was the leader of the Nation of Islam from 1934 until his death in 1975, and both Louis Farrakhan and Malcolm X were his disciples. But in a 1930 Depressionridden Detroit, The Prophet, as he was known to customers who bought the fabrics he peddled from doortodoor, created the Temple of Islam. "When the call was made for all males between 18 and 44, I refused (NOT EVADED) on the grounds that, first, I was a Muslim and would not take part in war and especially not on the side with the infidels," he wrote in "Message To The Blackman." Instead of sending his ministers striding into the Klan meeting with their bow bent, the Messenger was dispatching them with a begging bowl. Another group, retaining both the name and the founding principles of Elijah Muhammads original Nation of Islam, was established under the leadership of Louis Farrakhan. Although these changes were welcomed by many, a dissident minority led by Louis Farrakhan split from Mohammed in 1978 and reestablished the Nation of Islam according to the precepts of Elijah Muhammad. Estimates of membership range from 25,000 to a high of 250,000 claimed by the movement. As the dust settled, a patrolman from the Atlanta police drove up to the lead vehicle and rolled down his window. Disappointed that he was not named Elijahs successor, Farrakhan led a breakaway group in 1978, which he also called the Nation of Islam and which preserved the original teachings of Elijah Muhammad. ", Consequently, Mr. Muhammad, while in Washington, D.C. Was arrested on May 8, 1942, for allegedly evading the draft. Our editors will review what youve submitted and determine whether to revise the article. St. Martin's Press. A biography of Elijah Muhammad with a particular focus on his relationships and interactions with important members of the Nation of Islam and figures in the civil rights movement. Elijah Muhammad. As was his practice, Mr. Fard gave his followers their original name, and the man who came to him as Elijah Poole received the name Elijah Muhammad. For we are thankful to Allah for this great helper of mine, Min. Thus, he suspended Malcolm X after Malcolm X had said of the assassination of President Kennedy that the chickens had come home to roost.. The death of the 77yearold Messenger of Allah, as his followers called him, came as thousands of Muslims were gathering in Chicago for their biggest annual religious celebration, Saviour's Day, scheduled for tomorrow. A small donation would help us keep this available to all. Nevertheless, the Honorable Elijah Muhammad said his birth took place some time in the first or second week of October in 1897 and set forth Oct. 7th as the anniversary date of his birth. Mr. Muhammad is survived, by six sons and two daughters. 7 in Harlem, where he emerged as the protg of Malcolm X, the minister of the temple and one of the most prominent members of the Nation of Islam. Encyclopaedia Britannica's editors oversee subject areas in which they have extensive knowledge, whether from years of experience gained by working on that content or via study for an advanced degree. Elijah Muhammad (1 - 40 of 61 results) Price ($) Shipping The Most Honorable Elijah Muhammad Charcoal Pencil Drawing Print ColoredArtistry (1) $35.00 Elijah Muhammad Framed Poster with Biography BlackHistoryPhotos (20) $85.00 FREE shipping Elijah Muhammad - Wall Art Print - Modern Black Art Poster panafricangifts (275) $23.99 $29.99 (20% off) The gray-haired Fellows, apparently more comfortable now that his buddies were in the room, removed his high hat and repaired with his hosts and associates to the kitchen table, which was spread with sandwiches, cold drinks and cookies from Jeremiahs wife, Elizabeth. By 1964, Minister Malcolm X decided to separate from the Nation of Islam and formed his own religious and political organization. [4] Moreover, Muhammad allowed for no hierarchy among Caucasians on the issue of white supremacy; from the sitting U.S. president to the imperial wizard, all were slammed as white devils. Accordingly, the Messenger told his two ministers in Chicago that day that the Muslims and the Klan indeed had similar goals but with different shading. Elijah Muhammad (born Elijah Robert Poole; October 7, 1897 - February 25, 1975) was an American religious leader, black separatist, self-proclaimed Messenger of Allah, who led the Nation of Islam (NOI) from 1934 until his death in 1975. . Free shipping for many products! The more recent surge of the civil rights movement had also attracted the bureau leaders attention in the South.
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