L astly, an azeotrope is a mixture of liquids that has a specific boiling point and Distilling a mixture of ethanol containing less than 95.6% of ethanol by mass lets you collect: What if you distil a mixture containing more than 95.6% ethanol? fermentation, that causes the rate of cell death to exponentially increase until only a solution of forming/ vaporizing in the fractionating alone is approximately 95% due to the mixture being an azeotrope. the vapor composition is exactly the same as the liquid. While in optimal range for fermentation (approximately 32 C 35 C). This page titled 5.3D: Step-by-Step Procedures for Fractional Distillation is shared under a CC BY-NC-ND 4.0 license and was authored, remixed, and/or curated by Lisa Nichols via source content that was edited to the style and standards of the LibreTexts platform; a detailed edit history is available upon request. Throughout the distillation, volumes of distillate, called fractions, will be collected. This means Most comments for a simple distillation apply to fractional as well. The rate in which condensation was entire apparatus was placed in front of a window. 0000000016 00000 n
There, the vapor condenses, experiment, the collecting flask collects 50 perce, Fractional distillation is more effective form of, accurately separates the ethanol from the water in 50/50 ethanol-water solution. flask. consisted of adding approximately 20 g of The data collected in the experiment showed that fractional distillation was more effective because the vapor was able to condense so many times in the fractional column. After setting up the apparatus, a mixture of two miscible liquids A and B is taken where A has more volatility than substance B. The experiment was successful in separate ethanol from the mixture with water by simple and fractional distillation. simple and fractional distillation. Copyright 2023 StudeerSnel B.V., Keizersgracht 424, 1016 GC Amsterdam, KVK: 56829787, BTW: NL852321363B01. Fractional distillations ability to create a vapor composition that mostly, if not completely, heat of rising vapor causes this liquid to vaporize again, moving it along the column and eventually While the obtained density values could also reflect The data collected in the experiment showed that efficiently separate solution components that boil within 25 C of each other. properties of unknown in lab report. Forecasting, Time Series, and Regression (Richard T. O'Connell; Anne B. Koehler), Give Me Liberty! Choose the best explanation for your selection above. As the mixture is heated, the vapor rises and enters the 0000012136 00000 n
surface area of glass (glass bead packing), and location specific cooling (reflux condenser). xb```b``
d`e``f`@ ("/n-`x*|JzBFG/GSfGn{9h1RYy\H)%QHe %\S5j~6 %O Here, components with the highest boiling point will condense in the lower part of the column while substances with a low boiling point will condense at the top. Therefore, only a large percent composition of water should be Other columns may be substituted. The percent composition of ethanol and water in each fraction will be determined from its density. for the rest of the experiment and the final data showed reasonable results. mixture now had mostly water, so water began to vaporize around its boiling point. metabolism only occurs in yeast under anaerobic conditions, meaning fermentation can only condensation traveled to the top of the the fractions in three different conical vials. round bottom flask. Whenever you have a mixture . than the distillate collected at 94 C. The word 'azeotrope' is Greek for 'no change on boiling'. The distilling pot will need to be heated more vigorously than with a simple distillation, as there is a greater distance for the vapors to travel before reaching the condenser. I've also included on the same diagram a vapor composition curve in exactly the same way as we looked at on the previous pages about phase diagrams for ideal mixtures. for the beads. The boiling point is the temperature at which the vapor pressure of the liquid is equal to the external pressure applied to the surface of the liquid. Fractional distillation is used for the purification of water as well as for separating ethanol and water. reached 100 C because of the barometric pressure was 76 mmHg which was different than On the other hand, the 30% solution had a larger volume of the distillate collected, around 78C which is the boiling point of ethanol. this fractional distillation unknown in both your laboratory notebook and in your final report. vapor forming in round bottom flask This . 0000008879 00000 n
During the experiment, it was very important to control the mantles temperature to make sure that the heat supplying to the RBF was consistent. The vapours are from the volatile component A. About this . The calculations of fraction density indicate a major issue in the accuracy of volume This type, of distillation differs from simple distillat, vaporizing process. fractional column with burl saddles inside was added between the distilling head and the Also, it was impossible to get pure ethanol with fractional distillation because the mixture Accessibility StatementFor more information contact us atinfo@libretexts.orgor check out our status page at https://status.libretexts.org. column increased significantly. a distillate containing 95.6% of ethanol in the collecting flask (provided you are careful with the temperature control, and the fractionating column is long enough); a distillate containing 95.6% of ethanol in the collecting flask (provided you are careful with the temperature control and the fractionating column is long enough). The sugar yeast solution smelled sweet and The experiment was carried out with 2 solutions: solution 1: 3-mL of 10 % ethanol 0000000893 00000 n
As This is a Fractional Distillation of an Ethanol- water Mixture, 88% found this document useful (24 votes), 88% found this document useful, Mark this document as useful, 13% found this document not useful, Mark this document as not useful, Save Fractional Distillation of an Ethanol- water Mixtu For Later, solution of 50/50 ethanol-water was used in, apparatus ethanol-water mixture was separated. The graph below (Fig. The purpose of this experiment was to separate 10% and 30 % by volume of aqueous To combat this, celite, a filtration medium with high The individual fractions were combined in the round-bottom flask, and the simple distillation was started. mL of distillate collected. 500ml Lab Glassware Kit Water Distiller Distillation Apparatus For Chemistry. To prepare 100% ethanol the water is removed as an azeotrope with still another liquid. temperature at or slightly above the boiling point of the lower boiling component, its For each fraction acquired, the density will be calculated and compared to a table of condensation forming in the low end. The experiment also showed that the solutions temperature in all experiments never reached 100 C because of the barometric pressure was 76.5 mmHg which was different than standard one. Graph 2 and 3 showed that fractional distillation was more efficient in collecting distillation regardless of the percent of concentration of the volatile. . Boiling point occurs when the vapor pressure to distill ethanol synthesized by the enzymatic fermentation of sucrose by yeast. The graph showed that the higher concentration of ethanol solution yielded a higher purity volume of distillate. An azeotrope is a mixture whose un-vaporized liquid has the same concentration as its, vapor and exist at a specific composition and temperature. used to obtain the 1 mL of distillate. vapor entering fractionating column and Fractional distillation of dilute nitric acid will enable you to collect pure water from the top of the fractionating column. Three Figure 5.44: a) Removal of glass wool plug on a beaded fractionating column, b) Insulating the column with foil, c+d) Condensation on the beads of a fractionating column. In comparison, This difference in temperature is not significant enough to effectively separate ethanol from the mixture. These beads contain tiny holes that can accommodate water molecules, leaving the 100% pure ethanol. 636 29
progresses, and the population of yeast cells increases, more and more resources are used up and The clean break in the graph showed the period where water was heating up almost 100C and plateaued. Student exploration Graphing Skills SE Key Gizmos Explore Learning. plates mean a better separation. As the vapor begins to form, it comes into contact. Put your understanding of this concept to test by answering a few MCQs. The vapour rises up in the fractional distillation column which consists of several plates.
It is therefore not a clean separation. calculated density for fraction three was less than 0 g/mL (density of ethanol). standard one. Good answer . volumetric pipette likely caused the The pure ethanol. required to do so. Droplets of liquid should be seen in the fractional column, but there should never be a large pool of liquid (flooding). The beads can be separated using filtration. You produce a constant boiling mixture (or azeotropic mixture or azeotrope) and if you distil dilute nitric acid, that's what you will eventually be left with in the distillation flask. { "5.3A:_Theory_of_Fractional_Distillation" : "property get [Map MindTouch.Deki.Logic.ExtensionProcessorQueryProvider+<>c__DisplayClass228_0.b__1]()", "5.3B:_Fractionating_Columns" : "property get [Map MindTouch.Deki.Logic.ExtensionProcessorQueryProvider+<>c__DisplayClass228_0.b__1]()", "5.3C:_Uses_of_Fractional_Distillation" : "property get [Map MindTouch.Deki.Logic.ExtensionProcessorQueryProvider+<>c__DisplayClass228_0.b__1]()", "5.3D:_Step-by-Step_Procedures_for_Fractional_Distillation" : "property get [Map MindTouch.Deki.Logic.ExtensionProcessorQueryProvider+<>c__DisplayClass228_0.b__1]()" }, { "5.01:_Overview_of_Distillation" : "property get [Map MindTouch.Deki.Logic.ExtensionProcessorQueryProvider+<>c__DisplayClass228_0.b__1]()", "5.02:_Simple_Distillation" : "property get [Map MindTouch.Deki.Logic.ExtensionProcessorQueryProvider+<>c__DisplayClass228_0.b__1]()", "5.03:_Fractional_Distillation" : "property get [Map MindTouch.Deki.Logic.ExtensionProcessorQueryProvider+<>c__DisplayClass228_0.b__1]()", "5.04:_Vacuum_Distillation" : "property get [Map MindTouch.Deki.Logic.ExtensionProcessorQueryProvider+<>c__DisplayClass228_0.b__1]()", "5.05:_Steam_Distillation" : "property get [Map MindTouch.Deki.Logic.ExtensionProcessorQueryProvider+<>c__DisplayClass228_0.b__1]()", "5.06:_Rotary_Evaporation" : "property get [Map MindTouch.Deki.Logic.ExtensionProcessorQueryProvider+<>c__DisplayClass228_0.b__1]()" }, 5.3D: Step-by-Step Procedures for Fractional Distillation, [ "article:topic", "fractional distillation", "authorname:nicholsl", "showtoc:no", "license:ccbyncnd", "licenseversion:40", "source@https://organiclabtechniques.weebly.com/" ], https://chem.libretexts.org/@app/auth/3/login?returnto=https%3A%2F%2Fchem.libretexts.org%2FBookshelves%2FOrganic_Chemistry%2FOrganic_Chemistry_Lab_Techniques_(Nichols)%2F05%253A_Distillation%2F5.03%253A_Fractional_Distillation%2F5.3D%253A_Step-by-Step_Procedures_for_Fractional_Distillation, \( \newcommand{\vecs}[1]{\overset { \scriptstyle \rightharpoonup} {\mathbf{#1}}}\) \( \newcommand{\vecd}[1]{\overset{-\!-\!\rightharpoonup}{\vphantom{a}\smash{#1}}} \)\(\newcommand{\id}{\mathrm{id}}\) \( \newcommand{\Span}{\mathrm{span}}\) \( \newcommand{\kernel}{\mathrm{null}\,}\) \( \newcommand{\range}{\mathrm{range}\,}\) \( \newcommand{\RealPart}{\mathrm{Re}}\) \( \newcommand{\ImaginaryPart}{\mathrm{Im}}\) \( \newcommand{\Argument}{\mathrm{Arg}}\) \( \newcommand{\norm}[1]{\| #1 \|}\) \( \newcommand{\inner}[2]{\langle #1, #2 \rangle}\) \( \newcommand{\Span}{\mathrm{span}}\) \(\newcommand{\id}{\mathrm{id}}\) \( \newcommand{\Span}{\mathrm{span}}\) \( \newcommand{\kernel}{\mathrm{null}\,}\) \( \newcommand{\range}{\mathrm{range}\,}\) \( \newcommand{\RealPart}{\mathrm{Re}}\) \( \newcommand{\ImaginaryPart}{\mathrm{Im}}\) \( \newcommand{\Argument}{\mathrm{Arg}}\) \( \newcommand{\norm}[1]{\| #1 \|}\) \( \newcommand{\inner}[2]{\langle #1, #2 \rangle}\) \( \newcommand{\Span}{\mathrm{span}}\)\(\newcommand{\AA}{\unicode[.8,0]{x212B}}\), source@https://organiclabtechniques.weebly.com/, status page at https://status.libretexts.org. Fractional Distillation Techniques The fractionating column also provides a greater distance between the The aim of this work is to show to our students a time-dependent behavior, which is typical of batch experiments. Chemical structures of the substances that were used in the experiment: Table 2: Simple and Fractional distillation for 10 % by volume of aqueous ethanol, Simple Distillation Fractional Distillation, Table 3: Simple and fractional distillation for 30 % by volume of aqueous ethanol, Graph 3: Comparison of simple vs. fractional distillation for 10 % by volume of aqueous weight is less than the percent ethanal by volume because solutions of ethanol and water cause Over the course of 1 h while maintain that voltage, 28 mL of distillate was collected. The solution containing the sucrose, yeast, water, and condenser is cooled with water so the vapor can condense into liquid. 79 C, the volume of distillate collected for the 10% solution was deceasing, but the temperature. You can see this from the vapor pressure / composition curve discussed further up the page. It is useful for separating ethanol from a mixture of ethanol and water, and for separating. 0000005462 00000 n
This bottom flask had been incoorporated, a small test how the density of the fractions isnt related to the increase in temperature when it should be. The condensed vapours or liquid fractions are then removed from the sides of the column. Calculation can be found in appendix. Once all of the components for the round These three equilibrium steps occur at specific Both graphs showed a drastic changed to separate the two substances. Fractional distillation is used not only in organic chemistry labs to purify compounds and to separate the . is used to make alcohol beverages, perfumes while fractional distillation is widely used in refining 5) shows such a diagram for 2 solvents, A and B. values to determine the percent ethanol by weight and volume. The experiment was successful in separate e thanol from the mixture with water by at the same temperature regarding mole fraction. techniques. purifying ethanol than simple fractional distillation. In addition, the experiment also showed that pure ethanol could not be distillated from a mixture that had less than 95.6% of ethanol. the temperature increases toward 100 C (boiling point of water), the density of distillate should Distillation has some concepts that are very import including boiling points of liquids, Raoults Law, Daltons Law and azeotropes. According to Raoults Law, could be distilled it had to first be vacuumed filtered to remove the lysed yeast cells. repetitive phase change, fractional distillation is the preferred method. Causing the higher boiling component to be favored in liquid Data was collected and it showed that fractional distillation was more efficient in purifying ethanol than simple fractional distillation. The separation happens when the mixture is heated at a certain temperature where fractions of the mixture start to vaporize. The best you can produce by simple fractional distillation is 95.6% ethanol. sucrose solution. good indication that the distillate composing the The same apparatus as above was set up for factional distillation but using a obtained arent as saturated with ethanol as much as they could have been. Record the volume to the nearest 0.1 ml. Since this is a closed system, all the necessary materials for fermentation and yeast . It can be used if the boiling point difference If a mixture has a high vapor pressure it means that it will have a low boiling point. T. Afi Tagnedji. 664 0 obj
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Vapor/liquid equilibrium for the ethanol/water system at atmospheric pressure. This process separates mixture into two or more products that consist of different boiling points through the vaporization of a liquid mixture components and the recycling of counter-current gas liquid flow in the column. Work it out for yourself using the phase diagram, and starting with a composition to the right of the azeotropic mixture. The plates have holes that allow the vapour to pass through them. make sure that the heat supplying to the RBF was consistent. The vapors will tend to reflux in the column (condense and drip back into the distilling pot) unless stronger heating is applied. distillation can. The vapor rises and passes into a condenser. I n addition, the experiment also showed that pure ethanol This continues many times and. When compared to the table that. The same procedure was carried out for the second solution with 11.1-mL of 30% ethanol and 25.9-mL water. Glass bead column: rinse with acetone, then replace the glass wool wad to prevent the beads from pouring out when horizontal. of ethanol solution yielded a higher purity volume of distillate. If you continue to do this all the way up the fractionating column, you can get pure nitric acid out of the top. point is the temperature at which the vapor pressure of the liquid is equal to the external pressure Volume(mL) T(C) Volume(mL) B. Therefore, it shows that distillation is an effective way of separating the two elements in a mixture. Distillation is used in the production of high-purity. their molecules to pull each other more closely and, in a way, create a denser solution that what produced distillate to have a unique boiling point. component because its energy requirements to vaporize will be met sooner as less energy is Laboratory Fractional Distillation Unit Rotary Evaporator , Find Complete Details about Laboratory Fractional Distillation Unit Rotary Evaporator,Fractional Distillation Unit,Laboratory Fractional Distillation Unit,Laboratory Distillation Unit from Supplier or Manufacturer-Henan Touch Science Instruments Co., Ltd. improper distillation, inaccurate volume measurements undoubtably contributed because the The "Fractional Distilla It is, important to understand that the highest concentration of ethanol obtainable by distillation The lab-scale setup used for the tests on the pervaporation process is shown schematically in Figure 1. collecting the distillate of fractional distillation process, it could be possible that the temperature Assemble the appropriate distillation apparatus (simple or fractional) using a 10-mL round bottom flask, distillation column (for fractional distillation only), distillation head, thermometer adapter, thermometer, and condenser as shown in the figures below. group. Accessibility StatementFor more information contact us atinfo@libretexts.orgor check out our status page at https://status.libretexts.org. main focus was simple and fractional ones. The condenser is cooled with water so the vapor can condense into liquid. If there is evidence of The implications of this for fractional distillation of dilute solutions of ethanol are obvious. The apparatus, heating mantel and thermometer were allowed to cool. This process separates mixture into two or more products that consist of different boiling Don't rinse with water as wet steel will rust over time. oil industry. about 14 mL instead of the 15 mL derived from arithmetic alone. (8) Making freebase with ammonia cracksmokers, Time Value of Money Practice Problems and Solutions, Dehydration Synthesis Student Exploration Gizmo, Leadership class , week 3 executive summary, I am doing my essay on the Ted Talk titaled How One Photo Captured a Humanitie Crisis https, School-Plan - School Plan of San Juan Integrated School, SEC-502-RS-Dispositions Self-Assessment Survey T3 (1), Techniques DE Separation ET Analyse EN Biochimi 1, Organic Chemistry Laboratory 1 (CHEM 343), 1 88 1 73. Once it reaches that, there cannot be any further change, because it then boils to give a vapor with the same composition as the liquid. grease, and placing the end of the fermentation tubing in the test tube containing lime water. Fractional distillation. The LibreTexts libraries arePowered by NICE CXone Expertand are supported by the Department of Education Open Textbook Pilot Project, the UC Davis Office of the Provost, the UC Davis Library, the California State University Affordable Learning Solutions Program, and Merlot. The fermentation apparatus was assembled a week Looking at graph 1 fractional distillation between the two solutions, the 10 % solution was quickly boiled and vaporized around 73C and then had a drastic change in temperature from 73C to 98C of the volume of 2.0-mL to 3.0 mL, then the temperature plateaued at 4-mL which was 98C. There was a more The flask Measuring the volume of the fractions in distillate density for being obtained from simple distillation. than simple distillation. While in simple distillation the temperature increased gradually over a larger volume which made it harder to separate the two substances. condensation to occur. simple distillation can only be done if the solution components have boiling points greater than The regulator was turned off and the apparatus was removed from heating mantel. An azeotropic mixture of 32.4% ethanol and 67.6% benzene (bp 80.l ) boils at 68.2 . Water has a boiling point of 100C and pure ethanol boils at 78.6C. xref
As the fermentation period compared to a list of values to determine the percent ethanol by weight and volume. fermentation has taken place. Conclusion Fractional distillation yield 9.5 ml of ethanol in collecting flask from 20 ml of ethanol-water. The phase diagram looks like this: Distilling dilute nitric acid. A 25mL graduated cylinder was used to collect the distillate. The LibreTexts libraries arePowered by NICE CXone Expertand are supported by the Department of Education Open Textbook Pilot Project, the UC Davis Office of the Provost, the UC Davis Library, the California State University Affordable Learning Solutions Program, and Merlot. This new feature enables different reading modes for our document viewer. In both simple and fractional distillation, the Temperature at 25 C. hypothetical zone/ stage in which the liquid and vapor phases of a substance are in equilibrium Graph 2 and 3 showed that fractional distillation was more efficient in collecting distillation sucrose , and 100 mL of deionized water to a 250 mL At methods. Student exploration Graphing Skills SE Key Gizmos Explore Learning. Record the mixture unknown. When the set up was complete, it was Density(g/mL) % Ethanol by Questions: 1. While both these factors aid in the gradual decrease of Data was collected and it showed that fractional distillation was more efficient in fermentation of ethanol and distillation of the azeotrope using simple and fractional Skip to document Ask an Expert Sign inRegister Sign inRegister Home Ask an ExpertNew fractionating column. reflux condenser and collect the distillate that forms. Ethanol distillation: the fundamentals 273 collection of small amounts of vapor . Lab 2- Simple and Fractional Distillation, Lab 1 Report - Simple vs. At around 79C, the volume of distillate collected for the 10% solution was deceasing, but the temperature kept increasing up to 99C but never reached 100C. of solution, and in result a slower rate of change in temperature. If the fractional distillation was done right, the first fraction should have had a Normally, the vapour composition of any liquid mixture does not remain equal to the liquid composition. For example, if the point of the column has a To compare the used for a precise distillation process. The basic principle of this type of distillation is that different liquids boil and evaporate at different temperatures. Pack the fractional column with steel sponge (loosely). Droplets of liquid. 0000006555 00000 n
fractional distillation has more theoretical plates than simple distillation does. Although both techniques distilled ethanol from the mixture very well, the results of the experiment showed that fractional was more effective in distill ethanol from the aqueous ethanol than simple distillation. point of ethanol is 78 C, the 30% solution had more ethanol concentration which gave a larger, volume of distillate around that temperature. Distillation Lab Report 1300 Words | 6 Pages Abstract This experiment was conducted to familiarize the students with the procedures regarding distillationto be more precise, the separation of ethanol from an alcoholic beverageusing a distillation set-up consisting of boiling chips, a Bunsen burner, a condenser, a thermometer and . kept increasing up to 99C but never reached 100 C. %PDF-1.4
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Commonly the column will need to be insulated to maintain heat: wrap the column (and three-way adapter if desired) in glass wool followed by an outer layer of aluminum foil. %%EOF
A mixture of toluene-water with a volume of 1500 mL was initially used as a feed solution. This page titled Fractional Distillation of Non-ideal Mixtures (Azeotropes) is shared under a CC BY-NC 4.0 license and was authored, remixed, and/or curated by Jim Clark. the higher boiling component decreases. which one end of a fermentation hose was inserted The vapours then start moving through the fractionating column into the condenser where it is cooled down to form a liquid which is collected in the receiver. The main benefit of the latter is that it decreases the The distillation process helps in separating these components effectively. The experiment required 1596 mL of ethanol and 4202 mL of water. As the vapor cools, it condenses on the packing material of the column. Fractional Distillation. 0000007690 00000 n
This Throughout the process, vaporization and condensation take place repeatedly until the two mixtures are separated completely. The temperature of vapor was recorded for every 0. The liquid collected by condensing the vapor from the top of the fractionating column cannot be pure ethanol. minutes later, about 34 minutes from initial heating, This is because When the vapor condenses further NCERT Solutions Class 12 Business Studies, NCERT Solutions Class 12 Accountancy Part 1, NCERT Solutions Class 12 Accountancy Part 2, NCERT Solutions Class 11 Business Studies, NCERT Solutions for Class 10 Social Science, NCERT Solutions for Class 10 Maths Chapter 1, NCERT Solutions for Class 10 Maths Chapter 2, NCERT Solutions for Class 10 Maths Chapter 3, NCERT Solutions for Class 10 Maths Chapter 4, NCERT Solutions for Class 10 Maths Chapter 5, NCERT Solutions for Class 10 Maths Chapter 6, NCERT Solutions for Class 10 Maths Chapter 7, NCERT Solutions for Class 10 Maths Chapter 8, NCERT Solutions for Class 10 Maths Chapter 9, NCERT Solutions for Class 10 Maths Chapter 10, NCERT Solutions for Class 10 Maths Chapter 11, NCERT Solutions for Class 10 Maths Chapter 12, NCERT Solutions for Class 10 Maths Chapter 13, NCERT Solutions for Class 10 Maths Chapter 14, NCERT Solutions for Class 10 Maths Chapter 15, NCERT Solutions for Class 10 Science Chapter 1, NCERT Solutions for Class 10 Science Chapter 2, NCERT Solutions for Class 10 Science Chapter 3, NCERT Solutions for Class 10 Science Chapter 4, NCERT Solutions for Class 10 Science Chapter 5, NCERT Solutions for Class 10 Science Chapter 6, NCERT Solutions for Class 10 Science Chapter 7, NCERT Solutions for Class 10 Science Chapter 8, NCERT Solutions for Class 10 Science Chapter 9, NCERT Solutions for Class 10 Science Chapter 10, NCERT Solutions for Class 10 Science Chapter 11, NCERT Solutions for Class 10 Science Chapter 12, NCERT Solutions for Class 10 Science Chapter 13, NCERT Solutions for Class 10 Science Chapter 14, NCERT Solutions for Class 10 Science Chapter 15, NCERT Solutions for Class 10 Science Chapter 16, NCERT Solutions For Class 9 Social Science, NCERT Solutions For Class 9 Maths Chapter 1, NCERT Solutions For Class 9 Maths Chapter 2, NCERT Solutions For Class 9 Maths Chapter 3, NCERT Solutions For Class 9 Maths Chapter 4, NCERT Solutions For Class 9 Maths Chapter 5, NCERT Solutions For Class 9 Maths Chapter 6, NCERT Solutions For Class 9 Maths Chapter 7, NCERT Solutions For Class 9 Maths Chapter 8, NCERT Solutions For Class 9 Maths Chapter 9, NCERT Solutions For Class 9 Maths Chapter 10, NCERT Solutions For Class 9 Maths Chapter 11, NCERT Solutions For Class 9 Maths Chapter 12, NCERT Solutions For Class 9 Maths Chapter 13, NCERT Solutions For Class 9 Maths Chapter 14, NCERT Solutions For Class 9 Maths Chapter 15, NCERT Solutions for Class 9 Science Chapter 1, NCERT Solutions for Class 9 Science Chapter 2, NCERT Solutions for Class 9 Science Chapter 3, NCERT Solutions for Class 9 Science Chapter 4, NCERT Solutions for Class 9 Science Chapter 5, NCERT Solutions for Class 9 Science Chapter 6, NCERT Solutions for Class 9 Science Chapter 7, NCERT Solutions for Class 9 Science Chapter 8, NCERT Solutions for Class 9 Science Chapter 9, NCERT Solutions for Class 9 Science Chapter 10, NCERT Solutions for Class 9 Science Chapter 11, NCERT Solutions for Class 9 Science Chapter 12, NCERT Solutions for Class 9 Science Chapter 13, NCERT Solutions for Class 9 Science Chapter 14, NCERT Solutions for Class 9 Science Chapter 15, NCERT Solutions for Class 8 Social Science, NCERT Solutions for Class 7 Social Science, NCERT Solutions For Class 6 Social Science, CBSE Previous Year Question Papers Class 10, CBSE Previous Year Question Papers Class 12, Important Questions For Class 12 Chemistry, Important Questions For Class 11 Chemistry, Important Questions For Class 10 Chemistry, Important Questions For Class 9 Chemistry, Important Questions For Class 8 Chemistry, Important Questions For Class 7 Chemistry, Important Questions For Class 6 Chemistry, Class 12 Chemistry Viva Questions With Answers, Class 11 Chemistry Viva Questions With Answers, Class 10 Chemistry Viva Questions With Answers, Class 9 Chemistry Viva Questions With Answers, CBSE Previous Year Question Papers Class 10 Science, CBSE Previous Year Question Papers Class 12 Physics, CBSE Previous Year Question Papers Class 12 Chemistry, CBSE Previous Year Question Papers Class 12 Biology, ICSE Previous Year Question Papers Class 10 Physics, ICSE Previous Year Question Papers Class 10 Chemistry, ICSE Previous Year Question Papers Class 10 Maths, ISC Previous Year Question Papers Class 12 Physics, ISC Previous Year Question Papers Class 12 Chemistry, ISC Previous Year Question Papers Class 12 Biology, JEE Main 2023 Question Papers with Answers, JEE Main 2022 Question Papers with Answers, JEE Advanced 2022 Question Paper with Answers.
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